Adult stem cell plasticity pdf diabetes treatments pdf heart treatments pdf spinal cord injury treatments pdf. Stem cell plasticity is the ability of cells of a given type to be biochemically prompted grow into a different type of cell, whether the difference is modest such as one kind white blood cell being used to grow another kind or pronounced such as a cell taken from the umbilical cord being used to. Included under this umbrella title is often the process of transdifferentiation the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another, and metaplasia the conversion of one. According to the abstract, we report the worlds first reproducible production of cells expressing embryonic stem. Feb 21, 2020 given the availability of large collections of human stem cell lines, especially patient induced pluripotent stem cells ipscs, a simple and versatile model for analyzing the plasticity of human neuron networks will enable the understanding of changes in neural plasticity under physiological and pathological conditions. The transition between stem and differentiation states in nonneoplastic cells requires metabolic plasticity, and this plasticity is increasingly recognized to play a central role in cancer biology.
Stem cell plasticity, or transdifferentiation, is a hotly debated topic among stem cell biologists. This modified paradigm incorporates three new principles and is designed to facilitate a more creative exposition of the potentiality of stem and progenitor cells in adult vertebrate species theise et al. Learning from hepatogenic differentiation strategies agnieszka banas, 1yusuke yamamoto,1,2 takumi teratani,1 and takahiro ochiya many studies on stem cell plasticity are challenging the concept that stem cells contain an intrinsically prede. Cell differentiation is an essential process for the development, growth, reproduction, and longevity of all multicellular organisms, and its regulation has been the focus of intense investigation for the past four decades. Given their plasticity, defined as the ability to develop into different phenotypes inside and outside of the nervous system, with a capacity of almost unlimited selfrenewal, of releasing trophic and immunomodulatory factors, and of exploiting temporal and spatial dynamics, nscs have. Stem cell research holds tremendous promise for the development of novel therapies for many serious diseases and injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells are a readytouse source because they are of autologous origin, simply available and easy to grow in vitro. Stem cell plasticity building the brain of our dreams. The capacity of adult bone marrow cells to convert to cells of other tissues, referred to by many as stem cell plasticity, was the focus of the meeting in providence entitled challenges in the era of stem cell plasticity. It is a highly dynamic tissue that, during normal steadystate conditions, undergoes constant turnover.
It is a powerful concept, if proved valid biologically, and can be translated efficiently, safely, and effectively to clinical conditions. Stem cell plasticity an overview sciencedirect topics. Some general principles include demonstrable evidence that different cell lineages can be derived from a single, identi. Describe four possible mechanisms of stem cell plasticity. Under normal conditions, stem cells divide to produce progenitor cells that can, depending on the tissue, go through a number of subsequent cell divisions and differentiation steps to produce a complex web of mature cells. These models are essentially used to describe cancer development, with the differences between the models having important implications for the rational design of drugs and treatment strategies. Frontiers therapeutic plasticity of neural stem cells. Suggestions of stem cell plasticity in the adult could indicate a need to reexamine precursorprogeny relationships during the early developmental epochs when germ layer specification occurs, especially if rare cells with high proliferative potential from one tissue e. Given the furore generated over neural stem cell plasticity, it was only a matter of time before sources of nonneural stem cells were examined for their ability to make neural progeny. Transplanted neural or mesenchymalderived progenitor cells are known to survive and migrate in the rodent brain after ischaemic damage and to improve functional recovery chen et al. We used in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells through embryoid bodies as a model to analyze chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation because embryonic stem cells recapitulate early embryonic developmental phases during in vitro differentiation. The epidermis is an integral part of our largest organ, the skin, and protects us against the hostile environment.
Stem cells is read and written by clinical and basic scientists whose expertise encompasses the rapidly expanding fields of stem and progenitor cell biology. If stem cell plasticity is the main therapeutic mechanism we are aiming at, an early time window for treatment seems to be required to maximize efficacy. Although stem cell plasticity is the subject of intense research activity, 8789 restricted lineage multipotent stem cells from intestinal crypts have a primary role in the regeneration of sitespecific intestinal tissue. The insights from hematopoietic and neural stem cell differentiation pathways were used to identify cancer stem cells in leukemia and gliomas. Plasticity of epithelial stem cells in tissue regeneration. Stem cell plasticity uma lakshmipathy, catherine verfaillie stem cell institute, hematology, oncology and transplantation division, department of medicine, university of minnesota, 420 delaware street, minneapolis, mn 55455, usa summary the central dogma in stem cell biology has been that cells. Okubote1 and hana svachova1 1babak myeloma group, department of pathological physiology, faculty of medicine, masaryk university, brno, czech republic. Stem cell plasticity lacks a standard definition, and each researcher interprets the term in different ways. Myeloma stem cell concepts, heterogeneity and plasticity of. Given the availability of large collections of human stem cell lines, especially patient induced pluripotent stem cells ipscs, a simple and versatile model for analyzing the plasticity of human neuron networks will enable the understanding of changes in neural plasticity under physiological and pathological conditions.
Myeloma stem cell concepts, heterogeneity and plasticity of multiple myeloma roman hajek,1,2,3,4 samuel a. The central dogma in stem cell biology has been that cells isolated from a particular tissue can renew and differentiate into lineages of the tissue it resides in. Human neural stem cells enhance structural plasticity and. Some of these claims have been either difficult to reproduce or shown to be. Plasticity of bone marrowderived stem cells grove 2004. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular plasticity, fate conversion, and reacquisition of stem cell properties in committed andor differentiated cells still remain poorly understood, this cellular plasticity and lineage reversibility may represent adaptive mechanisms for the selfpreservation of epithelia to repair body surfaces and linings in whatever ways possible. The study of natural and induced stem cells has ushered an age of reexamination of what it means to be a stem or a differentiated cell. Epithelialtomesenchymal plasticity of cancer stem cells. Two debates currently exist in the stem cell field concerning the transcriptional redirection of stem cell differentiation and fate, and the reorganization of cell commitment through nuclear reprogramming caused by cell fusion and nuclear transfer. Stem cells, plasticity and cancer uncomfortable bed fellows. Adult stem cells are an attractive source of cells for therapy, especially in view of the recent claims that they are remarkably plastic in their developmental potential when exposed to new environments.
Different frequencies of marrow sc plasticity may be. Heterogeneity and plasticity of epidermal stem cells. There has been unprecedented recent interest in stem cells, mainly because of the hope they offer for cell therapy. Stem cell plasticity refers to the ability of some stem cells to give rise to cell types, formerly considered outside their normal repertoire of differentiation for the location where they are found. Cancer stem cell plasticity is the ability to dynamically switch between csc and noncsc states. Stem cell plasticity is the ability of cells of a given type to be biochemically prompted grow into a different type of cell, whether the difference is modest such as one kind white blood cell being used to grow another kind or pronounced such as a cell taken from the umbilical cord being used to create heart tissue. Differentiation plasticity of chondrocytes derived from mouse.
Request pdf stem cell plasticity the central dogma in stem cell biology has been that cells isolated from a particular tissue can renew and differentiate into lineages of the. Regeneration recapitulates many processes of embryonic development, is central to healing to the gastrointestinal mucosa in inflammatory states, and may be implicated in. Understanding cancer stem cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Even so, plasticity is observed usually at low frequency martin f. Evidence exists that cells of mesenchymal origin show a differentiation plasticity that depends on their differentiation state. Multiple stem cell populations residing in autonomously maintained compartments facilitate this task. Stem cell development under normal physiological conditions a and different forms of plasticity of the stem cell progeny during injury and upon induction bg. Nuclei of human stem cells are more deformable than nuclei of differentiated cells. Several studies have challenged this idea by demonstrating that tissue specific cell. Stem cell plasticity and niche dynamics in cancer progression. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising new experimental treatment strategy for stroke and other diseases of the cns.
Physical plasticity of the nucleus in stem cell differentiation. Stem cell research is a vibrant and rapidly moving field of science that investigates selfrenewing cells in the adult and embryo. Plasticity of synaptic transmission in human stem cell. Tissue injury as well as malignant tissue alterations lead to changes in the niche in. Clonal evolution, cancer stem cell, and phenotype plasticity models have been postulated to explain how tumor cell heterogeneity arises fig. The role of metabolic plasticity in blood and brain stem cell. Bone marrowderived stem cells bmdsc the beststudied adult stem cell, the hsc, resides in adult life in the bone marrow bm. Included under this umbrella title is often the process of transdifferentiation the conversion of one differentiated cell type into. Jan 17, 2012 stem cell development under normal physiological conditions a and different forms of plasticity of the stem cell progeny during injury and upon induction bg.
It is a complex process regulated by both cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While stem cell based treatments have been established as a clinical standard of care for some conditions, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplants for leukemia and epithelial stem cell based treatments for burns and. Purification to homogeneity for a rare stem cell sc population by both function and phenotype is a prerequisite to determine if scs can change their fate plasticity. Some scientists use the term very broadly to indicate potency, the ability of a stem cell to become other types of cells, regardless of how they achieve the differentiation. Neural stem cells nscs have garnered significant scientific and commercial interest in the last 15 years. Thus far, the only available neural progenitor cells are of. Since cell fate determination has been suggested by both external environmental cues and intrinsic gene regulation, plasticity should be studied using both influences. Yoder objectives after completing this article, readers should be able to.
Pdf stem cell plasticity uma lakshmipathy academia. Emerging evidence supports a dynamic model of the intestine, where the epithelium can dedifferentiate and function as an alternative source of stem cells upon tissue damage and stress. This plasticity can occur independently of stemnessinducing factors and is indispensable for longterm metastatic growth. A modulator of stemness in normal somatic stem cells the microenvironment is a well accepted regulator of stemness through the stem cell niche. They demonstrate that the majority of metastases are seeded by lgr5. In light of this, an alternative moreencompassing paradigm of stem cell plasticity is required. Therapeutic stem cell plasticity orchestrates tissue.
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